Experts discovered that the order and timing of movements in complex sequences are separated by the brain, before being zipped and transferred into specific movement commands, or ‘muscle memory’, as the person begins the action.
They found that following several days of training and memorising action sequences, high-level sequencing of movement (such as order and timing) are activated across multiple motor areas of the brain, before being integrated following a particular trigger such as a musical cue or a starting gun.
Publishing their findings today (6 Feb) in , researchers from the University of Birmingham and 鶹ý believe the discovery may help to improve motor rehabilitation for stroke victims.
Principal investigator Dr Katja Kornysheva, formerly of 鶹ý and now at the University of Birmingham commented,
“From handwriting to playing a musical instrument, performing sequences of movements from memory is a hallmark of skilled human behaviour.
“What is surprising is that the brain separates these skills into their constituent features rather than encoding them as one integrated muscle memory, even after several days of training. There is a shift in informational states within the brain when performing such tasks every single time we retrieve such a skilled action from memory.
“Information is retrieved unzipped when we prepare it for execution, before being zipped together to start the task. Perhaps this unzipped state helps us to stay flexible and ready for adjustments, even in the final hundreds of milliseconds before we start the movement, e.g. if we have to change the speed or timing of an upcoming action when performing with a music band, or changing gears when driving.”
A series of almost 1000 trials saw right-handed participants – excluding professional musicians – learn and memorise four keyboard sequences which they prepared and subsequently produced after a visual cue. After training, participants produced the keyboard sequences in an MRI scanner which measured activity patterns across the brain during the task. The go cue didn’t appear on some trials which allowed the researchers to separate preparation from the movement itself.
First author Rhys Yewbrey, from 鶹ý, commented,
“We also found several brain regions which control timing during movement production, but none seemed to control finger order without integrating it with timing.
“There was a matching effect in our participants’ learning behaviour – they were faster in acquiring a sequence with a new order of finger presses when they were familiar with the timing yet struggled to learn a sequence when they had to pair a previously trained finger order with a new timing. Perhaps timing control staying active during production allows for flexibility even after the movement has started.”
Researchers believe that the brain separates sequence order and timing as ‘what’ elements representing higher-level control, which are then combined to define ‘how’ exactly the task should be performed.
These new results help us to better understand how skilled actions are stored and controlled in the brain for everyday skills such as typing, tying shoelaces and playing a musical instrument, and what makes them flexible and resilient to changes in the environment or in neurological disorders.
