Ten years after the Thames whale, how are Britain鈥檚 sea mammals faring?
This article by , Honorary Senior Lecturer, was originally published on . Read the .
The British Isles are blessed with a wide variety of sea mammals, with records showing 29 species of whales, porpoises and dolphins and seven species of seals in its waters. But only some of these are regular inhabitants, and when the more unusual species make an appearance it can cause considerable public interest 鈥� as happened ten years ago when a northern bottlenose whale, normally found in the deep Atlantic, instead in front of the Houses of Parliament and tens of thousands of fascinated onlookers.
While few in the city can have been unaware of what was unfolding in the river, attempts to rescue the whale failed, and . The whale, far from its normal habitat, had probably entered the North Sea in pursuit of squid, its principal prey, before becoming lost and, hungry and disoriented, ended up in the Thames Estuary. A from the Zoological Society of London found the cause of death to be a combination of dehydration, physiological stress, cardiovascular collapse and multiple organ failure induced by the stress of repeated strandings and the attempted rescue.
In truth, the tale of the Thames whale says more about human behaviour than whales themselves. But a decade on, it鈥檚 interesting to reflect on what we know about the changing fortunes of the remarkable creatures that live in Britain鈥檚 waters.
Cetaceans 鈥� whales, dolphins and porpoise
Minke whale lunging through a large shoal of sprat in the Inner Hebrides.: Photo: Peter EvansOf the 29 cetacean species recorded around Britain, 15 are regular inhabitants. But we know very little about all but the most common species. Some species such as fin and , among the principal targets of the early 20th century whaling industry, show signs of recovery, with a marked increase in sightings.
, which are still taken in Norwegian waters but in smaller numbers, also show signs of population growth since the 1980s. This may be related partly to ecosystem changes during the 1960s-70s when fish stocks of herring and mackerel collapsed, seemingly taking the pressure off prey fish such as
sandeel and sprat for which the whales competed. However, since the mid-1990s, the abundance of minke whales as assessed by large-scale surveys ( and ) has shown no significant change.
The same applies to and 鈥� although the porpoise is now found more abundantly in the southern North Sea and English Channel, with a corresponding decrease in the northwestern North Sea. This change in distribution may well be related to the abundance of certain prey 鈥� sandeel is an obvious candidate since stocks in the northwestern North Sea have declined over the last 20 years.
During the 1990s, deaths of porpoises from accidental capture in fishing gear such as gill nets were thought to be unsustainable, which led to the introduction in 2004 of an . At the same time, fishing in the North and Celtic Seas where porpoise bycatch was greatest also declined. However, porpoise deaths from fishing vessels continue, with insufficient monitoring for us to be truly confident of the scale.
Another problem facing marine mammals is that of pollutants: contaminant levels in top predators, which bioaccumulate through the food chain, have declined substantially from when PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and pesticides (DDT and dieldrin) were widespread during the mid-20th century. But they persist in the oceans, with among harbour porpoises. Other top predators like bottlenose dolphin and (killer whale) may also be especially vulnerable. That said, there is no clear evidence of significant overall population declines.
Pinnipeds 鈥� seals
Harbour seals have been declining in several areas of Britain. : Photo: Peter EvansWe know much more about seal populations than whales, thanks mainly to the monitoring efforts of the at the University of St Andrews. With an estimated population size of around 112,000, the UK accounts for 38% of the world鈥檚 Atlantic grey seals, which appear to be thriving. The majority (88%) breed in Scotland where, since the 1990s, they have been growing in numbers, particularly around Orkney and parts of the North Sea. Only in the Hebrides have pup birth rates remained fairly static.
By contrast, harbour seals have not fared so well over the same period. At 36,500, Britain鈥檚 harbour seals represent around 30% of the European population. Harbour seal counts (made during the autumn moult) were stable or rising until around 2000 when they began to decline in Shetland (down by 30%), Orkney (down 78%) and the Firth of Tay (down 93%). Other regions have been more stable, with those further south recovering from the devastating effect of the which wiped out more than half their population. We don鈥檛 really know what鈥檚 behind these changes, but competition for food and the impact of toxins from harmful algae are possible causes.
The effects of climate change on sea mammals is also an issue, due to the effects it has on prey species. The last ten years have seen greater numbers of warm water species such as and , and a new species, , added to those species appearing in British waters. Also, in what might seem like a contradictory trend, a bowhead whale, normally closely associated with the Arctic, made its off the Isles of Scilly in February 2015. It鈥檚 likely that the next ten years will bring more changes to the status and distribution of different species as they experience changing environmental pressures.
Publication date: 19 January 2016